Precise and deep comprehension of plant responses to herbivorous arthropods requires detailed knowledge of how a plant “notices” the attack. Herbivore attack is not restricted to plant wounding by feeding, but instead different phases of attack that elicit a plant response need to be distinguished: touch, oviposition and feeding. Touch, secretions released with eggs and regurgitate delivered during feeding may act in concert as elicitors of plant defence. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of what a plant “notices” during the different phases of herbivore attack and how it responds at the molecular, physiological and ecological level. Understanding the mechanisms of plant responses to the different phases of herbivore attack will be a key challenge in unravelling the complex communication pathways between plants and [...]
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Understanding how an organism develops into a fully functioning adult from a mass of undifferentiated cells may reveal different strategies that allow the organism to survive under limiting conditions. Here, we review an analytical model for characterizing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie variation in growth trajectories and developmental timing. This model, called functional mapping, incorporates fundamental principles behind biological processes or networks that are bridged with mathematical functions into a statistical mapping framework. Functional mapping estimates parameters that determine the shape and function of a particular biological process, thus providing a flexible platform to test biologically meaningful hypotheses regarding the complex relationships between gene action and [...]
The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Compounds I
Consistent individual behavioural tendencies, termed “personalities”, have been identified in a wide range of animals. Functional explanations for personality have been proposed, but as yet, very little consideration has been given to a possible role for sexual selection in maintaining differences in personality and its stability within individuals. We provide an overview of the available literature on the role of personality traits in intrasexual competition and mate choice in both human and non-human animals and integrate this into a framework for considering how sexual selection can generate and maintain personality. For this, we consider the evolution and maintenance of both main aspects of animal personality: inter-individual variation and intra-individual [...] Publication year: 2009 To investigate the seasonal and spatial variability of the CO2 uptake across the Loire estuary plume and the adjacent continental shelf, a two-year (November 2002 to December 2004) high-frequency time series of the surface CO2 fugacity (fCO2sw) and the air-water CO2 exchange is reported and discussed. Continuous measurements of salinity, temperature, fCO2sw, dissolved oxygen (O2) and Chl a were performed, on a commercial route between Vigo (Spain) and St. Nazaire (France).A significant biogeochemical gradient is observed along this hydro-geographical continuum, in both space and time. The biogeochemical response to these inputs in the inner shelf is suggested to be [...] Publication year: 2009 A series of reference materials are proposed for intercomparison and quality control purposes during the quantification of lignin oxidation products (LOP) from diverse environmental matrices. These materials are all easily accessible and certified for diverse organic constituents (NIST and IHSS). They represent a suite of natural environmental matrices (from solids to aqueous) and are characterized by a wide range of organic carbon and lignin concentrations with abundant proportions of all major LOP. The variability of LOP concentrations and signatures for all these materials averages 3-5% and does not exceed 10%. Using these standards, a new quantification method was developed [...] |
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Accounts of Chemical Research, Volume 42, Issue 12, Page 1995-2004, December 21, 2009. [...]
Accounts of Chemical Research, Volume 42, Issue 12, Page 1983-1994, December 21, 2009. [...]